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Title	IDs & Reference #s	Background	Primary Holding	Subject Matter
Consolidated Industrial Gases, Inc. vs. Alabang Medical Center (13th November 2013)	AK886820 721 Phil. 155 , G.R. No. 181983	Consolidated Industrial Gases, Inc. (CIGI), a seller and installer of industrial gas systems, and Alabang Medical Center (AMC), a hospital operator, entered into two contracts. The first, on August 14, 1995, was for the installation of a medical gas pipeline system for the hospital's first to third floors (Phase 1), which AMC fully paid. The dispute arose from a second contract on October 3, 1996, for the continuation of the system to the fourth and fifth floors (Phase 2), under the same terms as Phase 1.	In reciprocal obligations arising from the same cause, where each party is a debtor and creditor of the other, the performance of one obligation is conditioned upon the simultaneous fulfillment of the other; thus, a party cannot demand performance from the other if it has not complied or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon it.	Obligations and Contracts
Cruz vs. Atty. Gruspe (13th March 2013)	AK238573 706 Phil. 406 , G.R. No. 191431	The dispute originated from a vehicular accident on October 24, 1999, where a minibus owned by petitioner Rodolfo G. Cruz and driven by Arturo Davin collided with the Toyota Corolla car belonging to respondent Atty. Delfin Gruspe, causing Gruspe's car to be a total wreck. This incident led to Cruz and Leonardo Q. Ibias executing a Joint Affidavit of Undertaking the following day to compensate Gruspe.	A document titled "Joint Affidavit of Undertaking" which contains clear promissory stipulations to perform an obligation (e.g., replace a damaged item or pay its value by a certain date) constitutes a binding contract if the essential elements of consent, object, and cause are present, irrespective of its title. Interest on a monetary obligation arising from such a contract, where the contract stipulates a payment deadline but is silent on when interest for delay begins, accrues only from the date of judicial or extrajudicial demand, not automatically from the payment deadline. Furthermore, courts may equitably reduce stipulated interest rates that are found to be excessive or unconscionable.	Obligations and Contracts
Anchor Savings Bank vs. Furigay (13th March 2013)	AK235702 706 Phil. 378 , G.R. No. 191178	Anchor Savings Bank (ASB) had an existing loan with Ciudad Transport Services, Inc. (CTS), its president Henry H. Furigay, and his wife Gelinda C. Furigay. When CTS and the Furigays defaulted on their loan obligation, ASB filed a complaint for sum of money. While this collection case was pending, the Furigay spouses donated several of their registered properties to their minor children, Hegem and Herriette Furigay. ASB, believing this donation was made to defraud creditors, subsequently filed a separate action for rescission of the deed of donation.	An action for rescission of a contract in fraud of creditors (accion pauliana) is subsidiary in nature and cannot be instituted except when the party suffering damage has no other legal means to obtain reparation for the same; the complaint for accion pauliana must allege that the creditor has exhausted all properties of the debtor and has no other legal remedy.	Obligations and Contracts
Spouses Mamaril vs. The Boy Scout of the Philippines (14th January 2013)	AK436103 701 Phil. 400 , G.R. No. 179382	Spouses Benjamin C. Mamaril and Sonia P. Mamaril were jeepney operators who, since 1971, parked their six passenger jeepneys every night at the Boy Scout of the Philippines' (BSP) compound for a monthly fee of P300.00 per unit. BSP had a contract with AIB Security Agency, Inc. (AIB) for security services at its compound, which included the deployment of security guards.	A lessor of a parking space (BSP) is not liable for the loss of a vehicle parked therein due to the negligence of security guards supplied by an independent security agency (AIB), where there is no employer-employee relationship between the lessor and the guards, no principal-agent relationship, and the security contract between the lessor and the agency does not contain a stipulation pour autrui in favor of the lessee. The contractual relationship between the vehicle owner paying a parking fee and the parking lot owner, where the owner retains the keys and control of the vehicle, is one of lease, not bailment.	Obligations and Contracts
Fontana Resort and Country Club, Inc. vs. Spouses Tan (30th January 2012)	AK756215 680 Phil. 395 , G.R. No. 154670	Respondent spouses purchased two class "D" shares of stock in petitioner Fontana Resort and Country Club, Inc. (FRCCI) from petitioner RN Development Corporation (RNDC), allegedly enticed by promises of first-class leisure facilities at Fontana Leisure Park (FLP) to be fully operational by the first quarter of 1998, and specific accommodation privileges. Disputes arose when respondents experienced difficulties in availing their free accommodations and perceived the FLP development as incomplete and the club rules as obscure and changing.	A contract of sale cannot be annulled or rescinded for alleged fraud or default if the party seeking such relief fails to establish by full, clear, and convincing evidence the existence of dolo causante or a substantial and fundamental breach that defeats the object of the parties in making the agreement; mere negligence, while not justifying rescission, may entitle the aggrieved party to nominal damages.	Obligations and Contracts
Fuentes vs. Roca (21st April 2010)	AK735315 633 Phil. 9 , G.R. No. 178902	Sabina Tarroza sold a 358-square meter lot to her son, Tarciano T. Roca, in 1982. Tarciano did not immediately transfer the title to his name. In 1988, Tarciano, who was estranged from his wife Rosario Gabriel Roca, offered to sell this lot to petitioners Manuel and Leticia Fuentes. The property was conjugal, acquired during Tarciano and Rosario's marriage in 1950.	A sale of conjugal property made after the effectivity of the Family Code, without the written consent of the other spouse, is void, and the action to declare its inexistence does not prescribe; the heirs of the non-consenting spouse can bring such action.	Obligations and Contracts
Spouses Tongson vs. Emergency Pawnshop Bula, Inc (15th January 2010)	AK781820 624 Phil. 146 , G.R. No. 167874	The dispute arose from an agreement for the sale of a 364-square meter parcel of land in Davao City by the Spouses Tongson to Danilo R. Napala for P3,000,000. The transaction involved the execution of a Deed of Absolute Sale indicating a lower consideration, a partial cash payment, and a postdated check for the substantial balance, which was subsequently dishonored.	Fraud committed during the consummation stage of a contract of sale, such as the issuance of a worthless check for payment, does not constitute causal fraud (dolo causante) that vitiates consent and annuls the contract; rather, it is incidental fraud (dolo incidente) and a substantial breach of the buyer's obligation to pay, which entitles the seller to rescind the contract under Article 1191 of the Civil Code.	Obligations and Contracts
Star Paper Corporation vs.Simbol (12th April 2006)	AK657436 521 Phil. 364 , G.R. No. 164774	Petitioner Star Paper Corporation implemented a policy in 1995 stating that if two employees marry each other, one must resign. This policy also barred the hiring of new applicants who had relatives up to the third degree of relationship already employed by the company. The case arose when three regular employees, Ronaldo D. Simbol, Wilfreda N. Comia, and Lorna E. Estrella, were affected by this policy or related circumstances leading to their separation from the company.	A company policy prohibiting spouses from working in the same company (no-spouse policy) is illegal and constitutes marital discrimination unless the employer can prove that the policy is founded on a reasonable business necessity and that the qualification is reasonably related to the essential operation of the job involved.	Obligations and Contracts
Duncan Association of Detailman-PTGWO vs. Glaxo Wellcome Philippines, Inc (17th September 2004)	AK533184 481 Phil. 687 , G.R. No. 162994	The case arose from the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry where companies like Glaxo Wellcome Philippines, Inc. (Glaxo) and Astra Pharmaceuticals (Astra) are direct competitors. Glaxo implemented a policy, reflected in its employment contracts and Employee Code of Conduct, requiring employees to disclose relationships with employees of competitor companies and, if a conflict of interest is perceived, to explore solutions including transfer or resignation. This policy was intended to safeguard Glaxo's trade secrets, marketing strategies, and other confidential information.	A company policy prohibiting employees from marrying employees of competitor companies, aimed at preventing conflicts of interest and protecting trade secrets, is a valid exercise of management prerogative and does not violate the equal protection clause or the right to marry, provided it is reasonable and applied impartially.	Obligations and Contracts
Coronel vs. Constantino (7th February 2003)	AK326196 445 Phil. 97 , G.R. No. 121069	The subject property, consisting of two parcels of land (Cadastral Lots Nos. 5737 and 5738) in Sta. Monica, Hagonoy, Bulacan, was originally owned by Honoria Aguinaldo. Upon Honoria's death, one-half (1/2) of the property was inherited by petitioner Emilia Meking Vda. de Coronel together with her sons, petitioner Benjamin, Catalino, and Ceferino, all surnamed Coronel. The other half was inherited by respondents Florentino Constantino and Aurea Buensuceso. The dispute arose from the sale of the portion inherited by Emilia and her sons.	A sale by a co-owner of the entire co-owned property is valid only with respect to the seller's pro-indiviso share, and the sale of the shares of other co-owners without their authority or legal representation is unenforceable; mere silence or inaction of such other co-owners, without proof of their awareness of the unauthorized sale and a voluntary, knowing adoption of the act, does not constitute ratification.	Obligations and Contracts
Francisco vs. Herrera (21st November 2002)	AK748349 440 Phil. 841 , G.R. No. 139982	Eligio Herrera, Sr., the father of respondent Pastor Herrera, was the owner of two parcels of land located in Cainta, Rizal. In 1991, Eligio Sr. sold these properties to the petitioner, Julian Francisco, through two separate transactions. Subsequently, the children of Eligio Sr., including the respondent, contested these sales, primarily arguing that the agreed purchase price was grossly inadequate and, more significantly, that Eligio Sr. was suffering from senile dementia at the time of the sales, which allegedly rendered him incapable of giving valid consent to the contracts.	A contract entered into by a party whose capacity to consent is vitiated by senile dementia is not void ab initio but merely voidable; such a contract is susceptible to ratification, which can be implied through actions such as accepting and retaining the benefits of the contract, thereby rendering it perfectly valid.	Obligations and Contracts
Bugatti vs. Court of Appeals (17th October 2000)	AK805416 397 Phil. 376 , G.R. No. 138113	The case arose from an action for recovery of possession and damages filed by respondent spouses Ben and Maria Baguilat against petitioner Emilio Bugatti. The dispute centered on an alleged oral agreement for Bugatti to lease a portion of the Baguilats' land, construct a building thereon (with costs to be offset by rent), and then pay a monthly rental, with the building eventually belonging to the Baguilats.	A contract of lease is perfected by the meeting of the minds of the parties upon the thing to be leased and the price certain; where essential terms such as the specific area to be leased, the cost of construction to be offset against rent, and the exact duration remain undetermined or disputed, no perfected contract exists, and a party who proceeds with construction despite objections and without a signed agreement is a builder in bad faith.	Obligations and Contracts
Spouses Guiang vs. Court of Appeals (26th June 1998)	AK442488 353 Phil. 578 , G.R. No. 125172	The dispute arose when Judie Corpuz, without the consent of his wife Gilda Corpuz who was then in Manila seeking employment, sold a one-half portion of their conjugal lot, including their residence, to Spouses Antonio and Luzviminda Guiang. Gilda Corpuz objected to this sale upon her return.	The sale of conjugal partnership property by one spouse without the consent of the other is null and void under Article 124 of the Family Code; such a void contract cannot be ratified and is not merely voidable.	Obligations and Contracts
Nool vs. Court of Appeals (24th July 1997)	AK645708 342 Phil. 106 , G.R. No. 116635	The dispute centers on two parcels of land originally owned by Victorino Nool and Francisco Nool (Conchita Nool's brothers). Petitioners Conchita Nool and Gaudencio Almojera mortgaged these lands to the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP). Due to non-payment, the mortgage was foreclosed, and DBP consolidated ownership. Subsequently, petitioners entered into an alleged contract of sale (Exhibit C) with respondents Anacleto Nool (Conchita's brother) and Emilia Nebre, with an accompanying agreement for repurchase (Exhibit D). However, respondents later discovered petitioners did not own the land and purchased it directly from DBP.	A contract of repurchase arising out of a contract of sale where the seller did not have any title to the property "sold" at the time of the sale is not valid; since nothing was sold, there is nothing to repurchase.	Obligations and Contracts
Teja Marketing vs. Intermediate Appellate Court (9th March 1987)	AK520987 232 Phil. 321 , G.R. No. 65510	The case arose from a transaction involving the sale of a motorcycle intended for use as a trimobile under the seller's existing franchise, an arrangement commonly known as the "kabit system." This system involves a person who has been granted a certificate of public convenience allowing another person who owns motor vehicles to operate under such franchise for a fee, which is considered contrary to public policy.	Parties involved in an illegal "kabit system," an arrangement contrary to public policy, are deemed in pari delicto, and courts will not aid either party in enforcing their illicit agreement or recovering what has been given thereunder.	Obligations and Contracts
Yuvienco vs. Dacuycuy (27th May 1981)	AK311310 192 Phil. 183 , G.R. No. 55048	Petitioners expressed willingness to sell a property in Tacloban City to private respondents (occupants of the property) for P6,500,000, provided respondents decided by July 31, 1978. Respondents replied, agreeing to buy and asking petitioners' representative to "proceed Tacloban to negotiate details." A subsequent meeting occurred where petitioners' representative presented a prepared contract with payment terms (balance within 30 days) that differed from what respondents allegedly expected (balance within 90 days), leading to the non-signing of the contract and the present suit for specific performance.	For a contract of sale of real property to be enforceable under the Statute of Frauds, particularly when payment is to be made in installments, the note or memorandum must contain all essential elements of the contract, including the specific terms of payment; a mere indication of the total price without the agreed manner of payment is insufficient if the intent is not a cash sale. Furthermore, an acceptance of an offer that includes a call to "negotiate details" is not an absolute acceptance required for the perfection of a contract under Article 1319 of the Civil Code.	Obligations and Contracts
Cruz vs. J. M. Tuason and Co., Inc. (29th April 1977)	AK142238 167 Phil. 261 , G.R. No. L-23749	The case arose from claims over a large tract of land. The Deudor family, asserting rights based on an "informacion posesoria," allegedly engaged Faustino Cruz to make improvements on a portion of this land. Subsequently, J.M. Tuason & Co., Inc. and Gregorio Araneta, Inc. (defendants-appellees), who were the registered owners, purportedly engaged Cruz to act as an intermediary to settle a civil case (Civil Case No. Q-135) with the Deudors concerning 50 quiñones of land, promising him 3,000 square meters as compensation. A compromise agreement was indeed reached between the Deudors and the defendants.	A motion for reconsideration that merely reiterates arguments already considered and resolved by the court is pro-forma and does not suspend the reglementary period for filing an appeal; consequently, an appeal filed beyond this period must be dismissed as the assailed order has become final and executory.	Obligations and Contracts
Cui vs. Arellano University (30th May 1961)	AK734243 112 Phil. 135 , G.R. No. L-15127	The case arose from a dispute between Emeterio Cui, a law student, and Arellano University. Cui had been awarded scholarship grants by the university for scholastic merit. Before receiving these grants, he was made to sign a contract waiving his right to transfer to another school without refunding the scholarship amount. Cui later transferred to another university, and Arellano University refused to release his academic transcripts necessary for the bar examination unless he repaid the scholarship funds.	A contractual stipulation requiring a student to waive their right to transfer to another school unless they refund the scholarship benefits previously granted is void for being contrary to public policy, as scholarships are awarded in recognition of merit and not as a business scheme to retain students.	Obligations and Contracts