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Title	IDs & Reference #s	Background	Primary Holding	Subject Matter
People vs. Santiano (3rd December 1998)	AK138319 299 SCRA 583 , G.R. No. 123979	The Court held that when a complex crime has been charged in an information and the evidence fails to support the charge on one of the component offenses, the defendant can still be separately convicted of the other offense when properly established.		Criminal Law II
People vs. Catantan (5th September 1997)	AK898009 278 SCRA 761 , 344 Phil. 315 , G.R. No. 118075	On June 27, 1993, at around 3:00 AM, the Pilapil brothers were fishing in the seawaters of Tabogon, Cebu, when the accused and his companions approached their boat, boarded it using force and intimidation, and compelled them to ferry them to different locations. The accused later abandoned the victims after transferring to another vessel.	The Supreme Court held that the acts of the accused constituted piracy under PD No. 532 and not merely grave coercion under Article 286 of the Revised Penal Code, as the seizure of the vessel through force and intimidation was established.	Criminal Law II
People vs. Abarca (14th September 1987)	AK372672 153 SCRA 735 , 237 Phil. 718 , No. L-74433	The case arose from an illicit relationship between Khingsley Paul Koh and Jenny Abarca, the wife of accused-appellant Francisco Abarca. This relationship began while Francisco Abarca was away in Manila reviewing for the 1983 bar examinations, leaving his wife behind in Tacloban, Leyte.	Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code, which imposes the penalty of destierro on a legally married person who kills their spouse or the spouse's paramour immediately after surprising them in the act of sexual intercourse, does not define a crime but grants a special privilege or benefit, negating conviction for homicide or murder; consequently, the act cannot be qualified by circumstances like treachery, nor can it form part of a complex crime.	Criminal Law II Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances
People vs. Alvero (11th April 1950)	AK350120 86 Phil. 58 , No. L-820	Aurelio Alvero was charged with 22 counts of treason before the People's Court for various collaborative activities with Japanese forces during the occupation of the Philippines in World War II. These activities included business dealings through ASA Trading, membership in pro-Japanese organizations, and military collaboration through groups like MAKAPILI and Bisig Bakal Ng Tagala.	The Supreme Court found Alvero guilty of treason and affirmed the sentence of reclusion perpetua but increased the fine from ₱10,000 to ₱20,000.	Criminal Law II
People vs. Paar (31st March 1950)	AK008848 85 Phil. 864 , No. L-2318	The case arose from allegations that Teofilo Paar actively assisted the Japanese Military Police (Kempei Tai) in identifying, arresting, and interrogating individuals suspected of being part of the underground resistance movement. The prosecution pursued only four counts out of the original fifteen, focusing on Paar’s overt acts of treasonous collaboration with the enemy.	The Supreme Court upheld Paar’s conviction for treason, finding that his actions demonstrated adherence to the enemy. However, due to the lack of evidence proving that his actions led to the execution of individuals, the penalty was reduced from reclusion perpetua to a lesser term of imprisonment.	Criminal Law II
Sayo vs. Chief of Police of Manila (12th May 1948)	AK914931 80 Phil., 859 , No. L-2128	Petitioners Melencio Sayo and Joaquin Mostero were arrested on April 2, 1948, for alleged robbery, based on a complaint by Bernardino Malinao. They were detained without a warrant and brought to the Office of the City Fiscal of Manila. When no proper court process was issued for their continued detention after six hours, they filed a petition for habeas corpus.	The term "judicial authority" in Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) refers exclusively to judges or courts, not to a city fiscal. Detaining an individual beyond the prescribed period, without delivering them to a proper judicial authority, is unconstitutional and illegal.	Criminal Law II
People vs. Prieto (29th January 1948)	AK237843 80 Phil. 138 , No. L-399	The case arose from actions committed during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in 1944-1945. The accused, Eduardo Prieto, acted as an undercover agent for the Japanese Military Police, participating in various activities against suspected guerrillas and their supporters.	The Supreme Court held that when murder or physical injuries are charged as overt acts of treason, they cannot be regarded separately under their general denomination. The brutality of killing or physical injuries may be considered an aggravating circumstance but not as a separate crime.	Criminal Law II
People vs. Agpangan (10th October 1947)	AK427419 79 Phil. 334 , No. L-778	The case arose during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II. The defendant was accused of being a member of pro-Japanese organizations (Ganap and Pampars) and performing duties that aided the Japanese forces against Filipino and American forces between December 1944 and January 1945 in Laguna Province.	The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision and acquitted the appellant, finding that the prosecution failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt the alleged treasonous acts under the two-witness rule requirement, and that evidence suggested the appellant acted under duress.	Criminal Law II
People vs. Adriano (30th June 1947)	AK298371 78 Phil. 561 , No. L-477	During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines between January and April 1945, Apolinario Adriano was accused of treason for joining the Makapili organization and allegedly participating in various activities supporting Japanese forces against the United States and Philippine Commonwealth forces.	The Supreme Court held that membership in Makapili, while constituting an overt act of treason, must be proven by two witnesses testifying to the same specific instance, not different occasions of membership.	Criminal Law II
Laurel vs. Misa (30th January 1947)	AK294241 77 Phil. 856 , G.R. No. 409	The case arose in the aftermath of World War II, specifically following the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. During this period, some Filipino citizens were alleged to have collaborated with the Japanese forces. Anastacio Laurel was one such individual accused of treason for acts committed during the occupation.	A Filipino citizen's absolute and permanent allegiance to the legitimate government of the Philippines is not suspended or abrogated by enemy occupation, and consequently, such a citizen can be prosecuted for treason under Article 114 of the Revised Penal Code for acts of adherence and giving aid and comfort to the enemy committed during said occupation.	Constitutional Law I Criminal Law II Statutory Construction
People vs. Lol-lo and Saraw (27th February 1922)	AK656044 43 Phil. 19 , No. 17958	The case arose from a horrific act of piracy in the Dutch East Indies where Moro pirates attacked Dutch subjects, committed robbery, rape, and attempted murder. The perpetrators later returned to the Philippines where they were arrested and tried, raising important questions about jurisdiction and the applicability of Spanish-era piracy laws.	The Court held that piracy is a crime against all mankind (hostes humani generis) that can be punished by any country regardless of where it was committed, and that the Spanish Penal Code provisions on piracy remained valid law in the Philippines after the American occupation.	Criminal Law II